Fortran90 for Fortran77 Programmers Clive Page 2001 November 26 This document may be found at httpwww. Pixar Animation Studio released their second featurelength animated film, A Bugs Life, on this day in 1997, preceding it with a computer animated short, Geris Game. Format Converters Fixed to Free, Tidy up, etc. CONVERT Metcalf and Reid EZUP FORTRAN 77 to ELF90 Compatible Format No cost but not public domain. Introduction to True BASICIntroduction to True BASICThe BASIC programming language was developed in 1. John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz as a language for introductory courses in. In 1. 98. 8 they extended the language to make it. True BASIC, C, Fortran, and Pascal are examples of procedural. Procedural languages change the state or memory of the machine by a sequence of statements. True BASIC is similar to F a subset of Fortran 9. True BASIC programs can run without change on computers running the Macintosh, Unix, and Windows operating systems. We will consider version 3. Macintosh of True BASIC. Version 5 includes the ability to build objects such as buttons, scroll bars, menus, and dialog boxes. However, because we wish to emphasize the similarity between True BASIC and other. C, F, and Java, we do not consider these features. There is no perfect programming language or operating system and users should be flexible and choose the appropriate language to accomplish their goals. Fortran Programs For Physics' title='Fortran Programs For Physics' />Former students who were well grounded in True BASIC have had no trouble learning C, F, and Java quickly. This tutorial is based on the text, Introduction to Computer Simulation Methods, by Harvey Gould and Jan Tobochnik. The features of True BASIC which are common to other procedural languages are emphasized. To illustrate the nature of True BASIC, we first give a program that multiplies two numbers and prints the. PROGRAM product. Chapter 2 of Gould Tobochnik. LET m 2 LET a 4 LET force ma Newtons. The features of True BASIC included in the above program include. The first statement is an optional PROGRAM header. The inclusion of a program header is good programming style. Comment statements begin with PROGRAM, LET, PRINT, and END are keywords words that are part of the language and cannot be redefined and are given in upper case. The case is insignificant unlike C, F, and Java. The DO FORMAT command converts keywords to upper case. The LET statement causes the expression to the right of the sign to be evaluated and then causes the result to be assigned to the left of the sign. The LET statement reminds us that the meaning of the symbol is not the same as equals. It is not necessary to type LET, because the DO FORMAT command automatically inserts LET where appropriate. The LET statement can be omitted if the OPTION NOLET statement is included. True BASIC does not distinguish between integer numerical variables and floating point numerical variables and recognizes only two types of data numbers and strings characters. The first character of a variable must be a letter and the last must not be an underscore. The PRINT statement displays output on the screen. The last statement of the program must be END. We next introduce syntax that allows us to enter the desired values of m and a from the keyboard. PROGRAM product. 2. INPUT prompt acceleration a mks units a. LET force m Newtons. PRINT force in Newtons force. Note the difference between the INPUT and INPUT prompt statements and the simple modification of the PRINT statement. What happens if you replace the semicolon after the expression in the PRINT statement by a commaModify the program so that it adds, subtracts, and divides two numbers. True BASIC uses a FOR or a DO construct to execute the same statements more than once. An example of a FOR loop follows. True BASIC automatically initializes variables to zero. FOR n 1 to 1. 00. LET sum sum 1n. PRINT n,sum. The use of the FOR loop structure allows a set of statements to be executed a predetermined number of times. The index or control variable n in Program series monitors the number of times the loop has been executed. The FOR statement specifies the first and last value of the index and the amount that the index is incremented each time the NEXT statement is reached. Unless otherwise specified, the index is increased by unity until the index is greater than its last value in which case the program goes to the statement after the NEXT statement. In Program series, the index n assumes the values 1 through 1. True BASIC treats n as an integer variable. The block of statements inside the loop is indented for clarity. Use the DO FORMAT command to indent loops automatically. The order of evaluation follows the mathematical conventions shared by all computer languages. Exponentiations are performed first, followed by multiplications and divisions from left to right. Parentheses should be used whenever the result might be ambiguous to the reader. The parentheses in the statement, LET sum sum 1n, are included for clarity. All unassigned variables are automatically initialized to zero. Because C, F, and Java do not, it is recommended that variables such as sum in Program series be initialized explicitly. In many cases the number of repetitions is not known in advance. An example of a DO loop follows. PROGRAM seriesdo. DO LOOP structure. LET relativechange 1 DO while relativechange 0. LET n n 1. LET newterm 1n. LET sum sum newterm. LET relativechange newtermsum. PRINT n,relativechange,sum. Note the use of the DO while loop structure to repeat the. An example of. the DO until loop structure is illustrated in Program examplef. Stirling Engine Software. I created Stirling engine software to help designers and enthusiasts build high power Stirling engines. This software is a design program geared to helping you design the various components of a Stirling engine for maximum power and efficiency. Its practical and straightforward to use, and laid out in a format understandable to a layperson meaning you dont have to be an expert to use it. Included with the software is a 1. Stirling engines. Every effort has been made to make the information in the manual as clear and accessible as possible. There is no confusing jargon or obscuring of detail. I created this program and manual with clarity in mind because I wanted to help bridge the knowledge gap between those who understand Stirling engines and those who dont. Theres a lot of quality information out there, which unfortunately is scattered and hard to understand by the average person. Over a time period of a year and a half I read all the information I could get my hands on. I also went through some serious design efforts of my own in order to gain a practical understanding of these engines. The end result is a practical information manual and design program. What was my motivation for creating Stirling engine design software Its simple. I wanted to create something affordable and of value to someone who wants to design and build a high power Stirling engine. Never mind all those cute little models you see on You. Tube, which anyone can build. I wanted to put together a guide for building an engine that will put out serious power That said, I did not create a fabrication manual that tells you how to machine the different parts, or how to join different metals together. New Bangla Comedy Natok Free: Full Version Software there. And I did not create a guide that tells you how big to make the linkages and crankshaft so that they can support the piston forces. Instead, what the program does is give you the information you need to figure these things out, based on the dimensions and type of materials you are using in your design. For instance, the program will give you information such as pressure, temperature, and speed, which you can use to calculate how strong to make the components. The program might also tell you why that engine you once built isnt running. Needless to say, I am passionate about Stirling engines. They are impressive machines deserving of serious attention. And this is especially true now given that demand for alternative energy sources is growing faster than ever. This is what the Stirling engine design software does. Allows you to optimize the number of heater and cooler tubes, and regenerator volume for maximum power, given fixed swept volume. Predicts engine power, torque and approximate pumping flow loss at different engine speeds. You can determine the speed at which maximum power occurs. Gives you performance data at different engine speeds, such as temperature and pressure. Gives you information to easily calculate the necessary size and mass of the flywheel. Allows you to determine the necessary engine pressure to reach your desired power level. The information manual gives information such as. How long to make the heater and cooler tubes relative to their diameter, to ensure sufficient heat transfer. The size and range of porosity of the regenerator for optimal performance, based on a review of the literature. The type of matrix material to use for the regenerator. The type of seals to use for the pistons and displacers. How pumping flow losses relate to the regenerator and number of tubes in the heater and cooler. The importance of a pressurized buffer space for reducing the bulk and size of the linkages, crankshaft, and mass of flywheel. How to design different mechanical drives for Stirling engines including the Ross Yoke and crank drive. How to minimize thermal losses in the various engine components. In depth discussion of the heater, regenerator, and cooler. Detailed information on the various functions of the program. Detailed description of the mathematics and physics of the Stirling engine. Pictures of the MOD II automotive Stirling engine produced in the 1. Pictures of the SES engine a Stirling dish that produces power using concentrated solar energy. Note that the Stirling engine software program is only for kinematic engines with prescribed pistondisplacer motion. It does not model free piston engines. However, its performance predictions can still be used for comparison purposes with existing free piston engines. For instance, the simulation results produced by the software program were compared to the data results given in the following report Design study of a 1. W free piston Stirling engine Linear alternator for dispersed solar electric power systems, by G. R. Dochat, H. S. Chen, S. Bhate, and T. Marusak, August 1. The comparison was independently done by an individual who bought my program, and who later informed me that the simulation results precisely match the results in the report, for a 5 k. W free piston engine. The free piston engine, described in the report, was treated as a beta engine in the program input. This allowed for direct comparison between the report results and the simulation results. The program only models alpha engines with two pistons, and betagamma engines with one power piston and one displacer. The program does not accommodate engine designs with multiple pistonsdisplacers operating in multiple cylinders such as the Rinia configuration. This can be done with some extra programming effort, but as of right now this feature is not included. The program is a simplified third order model, based on the report by R. D. Banduric and N. C. J. Chen Nonlinear Analysis of Stirling Engine Thermodynamics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, June 1. This program is referenced in the following paper. Optimal design of the heater of a Stirling engine coupled with a fluidized bed combustor, S. Lombardi K. Bizon, G. Continillo, F. S. Marra, 2. 01. 2. See reference 4. Universit degli Studi di Napoli Federico II DIME, Napoli, Italy. Universit del Sannio, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Benevento, Italy. Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione CNR, Napoli, Italy. Click on the five links below to see graphs taken from a sample simulation using the program. Note that the speed shown in the graphs is in Hz revolutions per second, and is for hydrogen as the working gas inside the engine. Hydrogen has low density and low viscosity. This results in very high engine speeds since pumping losses are lower. The MOD II Stirling engine, developed in the 1. At peak power it ran at about 4. Hz. Also, note that predicting engine speed is among the biggest uncertainties, which is why in the design manual that comes with the program I give a speed tolerance of 2. This means that you can easily expect an actual running speed quite a bit lower than the nominal speed value. Graph 1. Graph 2. Graph 3. Graph 4. Graph 5. Also note that the program does not directly create these graphs. The program creates an output file containing all the raw data calculated by the program. You can then copy and paste this data into a spreadsheet like Excel and graph it. The software program is written in Fortran and made into an executable file, which you can run on your computer directly. It captures all the essential physics in Stirling engines. It is easy to use and usually takes less than a minute to run. The input data is easy to enter. Every input parameter is clearly explained, with diagrams where necessary.